Trichinella spiralis

trichinellosis, a zoonosis living as intramulticellular parasites .that involves mammals including man, birds and reptiles. Trichinella differs from other helminths because its life-cycle which is completed in a single host involves two distinct intracellular habitats, intestinal epithelium and skeletal muscle cell Trichinellosis is acquired by ingesting meat containing cysts (encysted larvae) of Trichinella spiralis. After exposure to gastric acid and pepsin, the larvae are released from the cysts and invade the small bowel mucosa where they develop into adult worms (female 2.2 mm in length, males 1.2 mm; life span in the small bowel: 4 weeks). After 1 week, the females release larvae that migrate to the striated muscles where they encyst . Trichinella pseudospiralis, however, does not encyst. Encystment is completed in 4 to 5 weeks and the encysted larvae may remain viable for several years. Ingestion of the encysted larvae perpetuates the cycle.

Organism Details:
Shape and Size
1.4 mm to 1.6 mm , Coil shape helminths-nematode -Zoonotic parasite
Genome Information
Trichinella spiralis is a nematode -Zoonotic parasite ( GI:331705391) has a linear DNA of 58541486 bp .The genome structure of Trichinella spiralis consists of 16549 genes and 16380 proteins,, rRNAs: 2 ,tRNAs: 22. The GC content of Trichinella spiralis is about 33.90 % .
Food Source
infected after ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing encysted larvae of Trichinella spp. Raw or undercooked pork. game meats, such as wild boar, bear, walrus, fox and cougar.meats other than pork were the most common source of infection with more cases associated with home-raised pork than commercial.risk of infection associated with eating exotic ethnic dishes
Pathological Factor
The parenteral or muscular phase in humans is associated with inflammatory and allergic responses caused by invasion of the skeletal muscle cells by the migrating larvae. This invasion, as already stated can damage the muscle cells, either directly or indirectly stimulating the infiltration of inflammatory cells, primarily eosinophils. A correlation between the eosinophil levels and serum muscle enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase, has been observed in trichinellosis patients, suggesting that muscle damage may be mediated indirectly by these activated granulocytes The parasitic nematode Trichinella has a special relation with muscle, because of its unique intracellular localization in the skeletal muscle cell, completely devoted in morphology and biochemistry to become the parasite protective niche, otherwise called the nurse cell. The long-lasting muscle infection of Trichinella exhibits a strong interplay with the host immune response, mainly characterized by a Th2 phenotype .Get infected by infected by synchronized injections of newborn larvae.myositis, mainly represented by an increased number of eosinophils and neutrophils,
Disease
Responsible to cause myositis.,the inflammatory myopathies (pathological abnormalities of the muscles) are a group of muscle diseases characterised by inflammation of the muscles or associated tissues, such as for example the blood vessels that supply the muscles themselves .The chronic inflammatory process is sustained by the "invading" cells of the immune system of the host, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, activated macrophages and T-lymphocytes that lead to the destruction of muscle tissue, accompanied by weakness and sometimes pain; therefore over time, there could be loss of muscle bulk (atrophy). nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain, followed by headaches, eye swelling, aching joints and muscles, weakness, and itchy skin; severe cases - difficulty with coordination and heart and breathing problems, can lead to death.
Affected Body Organs
Classification
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Adenophorea
Order Trichocephalida
Family Trichinellidae
Genus Trichinella
Species T. spiralis